Reports and Publications

The volume of counterfeit U.S. currency in circulation is relatively small and has been declining due to enhanced security features and public awareness. However, sustained efforts are essential to mitigate potential future risks.

A new white paper examines case studies and best practices that central banks, commercial banks, and other cash industry stakeholders can implement to enhance both the environmental sustainability and operational efficiency of the cash cycle.

The European Central Bank (ECB) published in December its latest study on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area (SPACE). In terms of the number of payments, cash is the most widely used method with 52% of transactions, down from 59% in 2022.

A new paper analyzes the role of a well-functioning cash infrastructure for the stabilizing role of cash and the resilience of cash cycles. It highlights the critical role of the 4 A's - access, availability, acceptance, and affordability - as crucial building blocks of a robust cash infrastructure.

New research confirms that consumers spend more when using digital payments rather than cash. Consumers need to be aware of this and manage their spending habits accordingly. Regulators may need to address the risk of overspending.

The ‘Cash of the Future’ report commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbank takes a systematic look at the opportunities and challenges facing cash in Germany up to 2037. Three exploratory scenarios provide insight into the factors shaping the future of cash and support strategic decision-making for policymakers and stakeholders.

Banknotes and coins help shape our national identity. The images they display emphasise historical events, prominent personalities, or scientific, industrial and technological advances. Sometimes they highlight biodiversity, including distinctive plants and wildlife.

A new paper by Godschalk, Krüger and Seitz concludes that the launch of a digital euro would be complex and expensive and provides no guarantee of adding value to the existing payment systems.

A new CashEssentials paper addresses the questions ‘Is cash a public good? Is it a basic right?’ to clarify the debate and advance policy recommendations.

A new paper analyses how different kinds of uncertainty impact cash demand. In uncertain times, cash always stabilizes the overall situation and leads to a more resilient economy.

Cash remains the most used payment instrument in France. It has become even more popular, despite the proliferation of digital payments.

A new paper explores the behavioral drivers for using cash or digital payments in Africa. The emotional driver is the only trait determining payment methods' use. Thus, policy should ensure the availability of payment alternatives, including cash.