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Reports and Publications

Independent reports and publications on the future of cashMoney in physical form such as banknotes and coins. More and different means of paymentA transfer of funds which discharges an obligation on the part of a payer vis-à-vis a payee. More.

This section gathers publicly available reports and publications from CashEssentials and other sources. Use it freely as long as the source is cited.

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A Sytematic Look at the Future of Cash

October 04, 2024

The ‘Cash of the Future’ report commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbank takes a systematic look at the opportunities and challenges facing cash in Germany up to 2037. Three exploratory scenarios provide insight into the factors shaping the future of cash and support strategic decision-making for policymakers and stakeholders.

Almost 1 in 6 of the World’s Banknotes Feature Wildlife – and they’re not always the Creatures you’d expect

Guy Castley and Clare Morrison

October 01, 2024

Banknotes and coins help shape our national identity. The images they display emphasise historical events, prominent personalities, or scientific, industrial and technological advances. Sometimes they highlight biodiversity, including distinctive plants and wildlife.

The Digital Euro from a Consumer, Retailer and Industry Perspective

September 10, 2024

A new paper by Godschalk, Krüger and Seitz concludes that the launch of a digital euro would be complex and expensive and provides no guarantee of adding value to the existing payment systems.

Cash Is More than a Public Good

Guillaume Lepecq

A new CashEssentials paper addresses the questions ‘Is cash a public good? Is it a basic right?’ to clarify the debate and advance policy recommendations.

Uncertainty, Politics, and Crises: The Case for Cash

Guillaume Lepecq (CashEssentials) & Franz Seitz (Weiden Technical University of Applied Sciences),

September 29, 2023

A new paper analyses how different kinds of uncertainty impact cash demand. In uncertain times, cash always stabilizes the overall situation and leads to a more resilient economy.

France: Cash Remains King

Manuel A. Bautista-González, Guillaume Lepecq

August 30, 2023

Cash remains the most used payment instrument in France. It has become even more popular, despite the proliferation of digital payments.

What Behaviour Drives Cashless Payments in Africa?

Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo, Northumbria University; J. Carles Maixé-Altés, Universidade da Coruna and David Peón, Universidade da Coruna

August 18, 2023

A new paper explores the behavioral drivers for using cash or digital payments in Africa. The emotional driver is the only trait determining payment methods' use. Thus, policy should ensure the availability of payment alternatives, including cash.

Netherlands: The Importance of Cash for Groups at Risk

Guillaume Lepecq

August 10, 2023

A Dutch central bank report stresses that cash is especially important for people with low digital literacy, people with a specific type of disability, and people with low incomes.

The Euro-Area and the Challenge of National Diversity

Cash&Payment News

There is a degree of heterogeneity in cash demand between the largest member states of the euro area. While developments of cash in circulation in Italy, France and Germany broadly followed the pattern traced by the euro area, there are deviations caused by local circumstances.

The Role of Cash in Emergency and Crisis Situations

Cash is the only payment instrument that is largely independent of technical infrastructure. It is therefore essential, especially in crisis and emergency situations, to ensure that the cash cycle continues to operate, as electronic means of payment are unavailable or only available to a limited extent.

From ‘ABCD’ to STSMs – New Thinking about Banknote Demand Forecasting

Cash&Payment News

A new paper proposes a novel approach to banknote demand forecasting, arguing that the traditional forecasting models used by the National Central Banks within the Eurosystem have not coped well with the series of economic shocks over the last few years.

U.S.: Consumer Payment Behaviour Consistent with Early Pandemic

Guillaume Lepecq

The share of payments in cash declined slightly in 2022 to 18% of all payments. Store-of-value holdings of cash increased to $418 per person and remain far higher than pre-pandemic levels. 93% of consumers have no plan to stop using cash.

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